Linking words

Linking words and phrases

Although some of these words have already been mentioned as sentence connectors, they can also be used to develop coherence within a paragraph, that is linking one idea / argument to another. Print off this page to keep as a reference of useful linking words and phrases.

Sequence	Result	Emphasis
First / firstly, second / secondly, third / thirdly etc Next, last, finally In addition, moreover Further / furthermore Another Also In conclusion To summarise	So As a result As a consequence (of) Therefore Thus Consequently Hence Due to	Undoubtedly Indeed Obviously Generally Admittedly In fact Particularly / in particular Especially Clearly Importantly
Addition	Reason	Example
And In addition / additionally / an additional Furthermore Also Too As well as	For Because Since As Because of	For example For instance That is (ie) Such as Including Namely
Contrast	Comparison
However Nevertheless Nonetheless Still Although / even though Though But Yet Despite / in spite of In contrast (to) / in comparison While Whereas On the other hand On the contrary	Similarly Likewise Also Like Just as Just like Similar to Same as Compare compare(d) to / with Not only...but also

Next

CV Dental Hygiene

Jane Smith, RDH

123 Main Street

Anywhere, MN 54321

(952)-555-5555

lastname@emailaddress.com

OBJECTIVE

To obtain a position as a dental hygienist in a friendly dental office where patient care is the top priority.

  SKILLS AND PROFICIENCIES

-Review and document health history, noting any possible contraindications to dental treatment.

-Expose diagnostic digital dental radiographs.

-Complete intra/extra-oral exam and periodontal evaluation.

-Perform oral prophylaxis, root planning, and soft tissue management.

-Utilize ultrasonic scalers and hand instruments.

-Administer of local anesthesia and nitrous oxide-oxygen sedation.

-Perform whitening procedures, including fabrication of custom whitening trays.

-Apply cavity prevention agents such as fluoride and sealants.

-Demonstrate oral hygiene techniques, specific for each patient to achieve optimal oral health.

-Educate patients on risks of oral diseases and benefits of preventive care.

PROFESSIONAL EXPERIENCE

Dental Temps, LLC - Anywhere, MN 2000 - Present

 -Active Dental Hygienist on a temporary basis for various dental practices in the Minneapolis and St. Paul

 metropolitan area

EDUCATION

Normandale Community College –Bloomington, MN 1997-1999

 -Associates of Applied Sciences in Dental Hygiene

HONORS, AWARDS AND LEADERSHIP

-Dental hygiene class president 1997-1999

-Mary Homemaker Exceptional Student Award 1999

PROFESSIONAL LICENSES AND CERTIFICATIONS

-CPR certification 1997-Present

-National Dental Hygiene Board Examination Certificate 1999

-State of Minnesota Local Anesthesia Certification 1999-Present

-State of Minnesota Dental Hygiene License #A1234 1999-Present

-Member of Minnesota Dental Hygienists' Association 1999-Present

-Member of Normandale Community College Alumni Society 1999-Present

REFERENCES

Available upon request

How to find medical articles

Lniks:
Free Medical Articles

http://www.freemedicaljournals.com/f.php?f=index40

Circulation:
http://circ.ahajournals.org/

Diabetes:
http://diabetes.diabetesjournals.org/

Neuroscience:
http://www.jneurosci.org/

Gynecology:
http://journals.lww.com/greenjournal/pages/default.aspx

Radiology:
http://www.freemedicaljournals.com/link.php?id=182

Dental treatment

Dental check-up

Your dentist will inspect each tooth using small instruments inserted into your mouth, such as a mirror and probe (a fine, pick-like tool). The dentist looks for issues such as tooth decay, gum disease and other conditions.

If a suspected dental problem is difficult to see (for example, possible decay between two touching teeth), the dentist may need to take x-rays. If a problem exists, your dentist will explain the treatment options and give you an estimate of the cost and likely waiting time.

Scaling and cleaning

Scaling and cleaning involves the removal of built-up debris from the teeth. This may include food particles, soft plaque or hard calculus (caused by the continual accumulation of minerals from saliva and plaque, sometimes called tartar). The dentist or hygienist then cleans and polishes your teeth using a rotating brush with abrasive paste. This helps treat and prevent gum disease.

You will be given instructions on how to keep up your oral hygiene between appointments, as this is important to help maintain healthy gums.

Fissure sealants

Sealants protect teeth from decay. Any tooth that has deep grooves or fissures can be treated, but the most commonly treated teeth are the molars and premolars.

A sealant is a durable liquid plastic that is painted on to the biting surface of a cleaned tooth. It forms a physical barrier that stops food and other bacteria from collecting in the fissures of the tooth. Fissure sealants are commonly recommended for children, as they reduce the risk of decay in permanent teeth.

Dental fillings

Tooth decay that has caused a cavity is treated with dental fillings. The dentist uses a drill and other tools to remove the decay. The cavity is cleaned, dried and sealed with a filling material.

A variety of materials are available for filling the cavity. You will be given advice on the most suitable material, based on the size, shape and location of the required filling. A common choice is tooth-coloured filling material, which can restore the aesthetic appearance of the tooth, as well as its shape and function.

Restoring damaged teeth

Your dentist can suggest various treatments to restore damaged teeth. These treatments help restore the appearance, shape and function of your teeth. They include:

Bonding – chipped, gapped, discoloured or oddly shaped teeth can be treated with bonding. A tooth-coloured resin filling is applied to achieve a more regular look to the affected tooth. However, the resin may need to be replaced occasionally.

Veneers – teeth can be fitted with porcelain or resin veneers. A veneer is usually 0.5 mm thick and is permanently glued to the front of the tooth.

Crowns – these are caps that are permanently cemented or bonded to a tooth. Crowns are made of porcelain and can be matched to the colour of the existing tooth.

Root canal treatment

Root canal treatment is a procedure that replaces a tooth’s damaged or infected pulp with a filling. The ‘pulp’ is a sensitive tissue that provides oxygen, nutrients and feeling to the tooth. It is housed in the hollow centre of a tooth (pulp chamber), along with blood vessels and nerves. Once a tooth is fully formed, nutrition for the tooth comes from the tissues surrounding the root and the tooth can function without its pulp. During root canal treatment, the pulp is removed from a tooth. The dentist cleans and shapes the root canals with a drill and small files. The tooth’s interior is cleaned, dried and packed with a filling material that goes all the way down to the end of the root. An artificial biting surface is created for the tooth out of dental amalgam, composite material or a crown. This also protects the tooth from fracture, which can occur after root canal treatment. A root canal may need to be performed over a number of appointments.

Tooth removal (extraction)

Modern dentistry and oral health practitioners aim to preserve natural teeth. However, extensively damaged or badly decayed teeth may need to be removed (extracted). The dentist may also recommend extraction to deal with wisdom teeth that are causing problems.

Wisdom teeth can contribute to various dental problems, including overcrowding of the existing teeth and impaction (the wisdom tooth grows at an angle and butts into the next-door molar or the gum). A tooth may be removed while under local anaesthetic. Sedation or general anaesthesia may also be offered depending on the difficulty of the procedure.

Fitting of dentures

Dentures (also known as ‘false teeth’) are artificial teeth that replace some or all of your natural teeth and can be removed at will by the person. An ‘immediate’ denture can be made while you still have some of your teeth. It is fitted on the day your teeth are removed. However, changes to the jawbone during the healing process may cause the denture to gradually loosen.

Within a few months, the immediate denture may need relining of its inner aspect to improve the fit. Alternatively, a denture can be made a few months after teeth are removed. This allows time for the jawbone to heal and means that the denture should have a better fit.

Fitting of mouthguards

Mouthguards are protective devices that cover the teeth and gums to prevent injury to the teeth, gums, lips, tongue and jaws. They are frequently used while playing sport to prevent damage from accidental or deliberate knocks to the face. A dentist or oral health professional can take impressions of your teeth and make a well-fitting, comfortable mouthguard for your protection.

Dental implants

A dental implant can be used to replace missing teeth. An implant is an artificial tooth that consists of a small titanium screw that is fixed into the jaw and an artificial tooth that is fitted on top of that. Several dental appointments are required for the measuring, design, and fitting of the implant.

In time, the implant becomes fused with the bone of the jaw. Implants have a high long-term success rate. However, this is a specialised field of dentistry, so your dentist or oral health professional may need to refer you.

Dental tools

Dental instruments 

Files

Forceps

Dental drill

Scaler

Intraoral/mouth mirror

Mirror 

Suction

Syringe

Needle

Cavity

The Tooth Decay Process: How to Reverse It and Avoid a Cavity

You probably know that a dental cavity is a hole in a tooth. But did you know that a cavity is the result of the tooth decay process that happens over time? Did you know that you can interrupt and even reverse this process to avoid a cavity?

This page explains how the tooth decay process starts and how it can be stopped or even reversed to keep your child from getting cavities.

What's inside our mouths?

Our mouths are full of bacteria. Hundreds of different types live on our teeth, gums, tongue and other places in our mouths. Some bacteria are helpful. But some can be harmful such as those that play a role in the tooth decay process.

Tooth decay is the result of an infection with certain types of bacteria that use sugars in food to make acids. Over time, these acids can make a cavity in the tooth.

Back to Top

What goes on inside our mouths all day?

Throughout the day, a tug of war takes place inside our mouths.

On one team are dental plaque—a sticky, colorless film of bacteria—plus foods and drinks that contain sugar or starch (such as milk, bread, cookies, candy, soda, juice, and many others). Whenever we eat or drink something that contains sugar or starch, the bacteria use them to produce acids. These acids begin to eat away at the tooth's hard outer surface, or enamel.

.

On the other team are the minerals in our saliva (such as calcium and phosphate) plus fluoride from toothpaste, water, and other sources. This team helps enamel repair itself by replacing minerals lost during an "acid attack."

Our teeth go through this natural process of losing minerals and regaining minerals all day long.

Back to Top

How does a cavity develop?

When a tooth is exposed to acid frequently -- for example, if you eat or drink often, especially foods or drinks containing sugar and starches -- the repeated cycles of acid attacks cause the enamel to continue to lose minerals. A white spot may appear where minerals have been lost. This is a sign of early decay.

Tooth decay can be stopped or reversed at this point. Enamel can repair itself by using minerals from saliva, and fluoride from toothpaste or other sources.

But if the tooth decay process continues, more minerals are lost. Over time, the enamel is weakened and destroyed, forming a cavity. A cavity is permanent damage that a dentist has to repair with a filling.

From: National Institute for Dental and Craniofacial Research http://www.nidcr.nih.gov/OralHealth/OralHealthInformation/ChildrensOralHealth/ToothDecayProcess.htm

Group A

Cavity. That's the word no one wants to hear at the dentist's office. A cavity develops when a tooth decays  or breaks down. A cavity is a hole that can grow bigger and deeper over time. Cavities are also called dental caries, and if you have a cavity, it's important to get it repaired.

But why would your tooth develop a hole? Blame plaque. That's a sticky, slimy substance made up mostly of the germs that cause tooth decay. The bacteria in your mouth make acids and when plaque clings to your teeth, the acids can eat away at the outermost layer of the tooth, called the enamel.

If you don't go to the dentist, the acids can continue to make their way through the enamel, and the inside parts of your tooth can begin to decay. If you've ever had a toothache or heard an adult complain about one, it may have been because there was a cavity that reached all the way inside a tooth, where the nerve endings are. Ouch!

Your dentist will carefully examine your teeth and may take X-rays. If your dentist discovers a cavity, he or she can repair it for you by first removing the rotted part of your tooth with a special drill. The dentist then fills the hole in your tooth with a special material. The result is called a filling.

Higiene Bucodental Exam

1. Giving instructions - modal verbs
2. Specialists, specialties
Periodontist - periodontics
Surgeon - surgery
Radiologist - radiology.....

3. Name of teeth - parts of the teeth
4. Dental tools
5. Diagnosis

Exam - Documentació Sanitària

Grammar:

-Giving instructions
-Conditional
- Passive

Vocabulary:

- Medical specialties
- Endoscopy
- Diagnosis

Solucions

II.                Suggested answers

A.

1.      The car is being repaired by the garage mechanic now.

2.      One million dollars has been donated for the victims of tsunami by a famous director.

3.      The hotel was still being built when there was an earthquake.

4.      The itinerary had been planned long before they went on their trip.

5.      The newspapers will be delivered early in the morning.

6.      All the files were destroyed by the fire.

7.      What has been done to make them feel better?

8.      Most of the work will have been completed by the time the president arrives.

9.      It was believed for a long time that the Earth was the centre of the Universe.

10.  He was made to pay back all the money.

Check the answers:

http://www.perfect-english-grammar.com/passive-exercise-1.html

http://www.perfect-english-grammar.com/passive-exercise-2.html

http://www.perfect-english-grammar.com/passive-exercise-3.html

http://www.perfect-english-grammar.com/passive-exercise-5.html

Irregular Verbs

Exercicis d'ampliació frases passives

Exercicis d'ampliació per a Documentació Sanitària

Group A

En aquest exercici no cal que substituïu  "somebody". Per a qualsevol dubte, pregunteu-me!

1. Somebody cleans the office every day.
_The office is cleaned every day ________________________________
2. Somebody sends emails.
_______________________________________________________________
3. Somebody cuts the grass.
_______________________________________________________________
4. Somebody prefers chocolate.
_______________________________________________________________
5. Somebody often steals cars.
_______________________________________________________________
6. Somebody plays loud music.

____________________________________________________________
7. Somebody speaks English here.
_______________________________________________________________
8. Somebody loves the London parks.
_______________________________________________________________
9. Somebody wants staff.
_______________________________________________________________
10. Somebody writes articles.
_______________________________________________________________

Past simple


1. Somebody lost the letter.
__The letter was lost __________________________________________
2. Somebody found the key.
_______________________________________________________________
3. Somebody made mistakes.
_______________________________________________________________
4. Somebody loved that woman.
_______________________________________________________________
5. Somebody cleaned the rooms.
_______________________________________________________________
6. Somebody fixed the computer.
_______________________________________________________________
7. Somebody built that house.
_______________________________________________________________
8. Somebody wrote ‘War and Peace’.
_______________________________________________________________
9. Somebody painted The Mona Lisa.
_______________________________________________________________
10. Somebody stole my wallet.
________________________________________________________

Group B

Exercises with present perfect.

1. Somebody has cleaned the kitchen.
__The kitchen has been cleaned ________________________________
2. Somebody has watered the plants.
_______________________________________________________________
3. Somebody has taken the money.
_______________________________________________________________
4. Somebody has bought the presents.
_______________________________________________________________
5. Somebody has finished the report.
_______________________________________________________________
6. Somebody has killed the President.
_______________________________________________________________
7. Somebody has repaired the road.
_______________________________________________________________
8. Somebody has elected that man.
_______________________________________________________________
9. Somebody has learned lessons.
_______________________________________________________________
10. Somebody has fired John.
_______________________________________________________________


Future simple


1. Somebody will clean the windows.
___The windows will be cleaned _________________________________
2. Somebody will meet you at the airport.
_______________________________________________________________
3. Somebody will process your application.
_______________________________________________________________
4. Somebody will find your glasses.
_______________________________________________________________
5. Somebody will bring food.
_______________________________________________________________
6. Somebody will help you.
_______________________________________________________________
7. Somebody will steal that bicycle.
_______________________________________________________________
8. Somebody will take your order.
_______________________________________________________________
9. Somebody will write a new book.
_______________________________________________________________
10. Somebody will build a stadium.
______________________________________________________________

Mixed verbs

1. People speak Portuguese in Brazil.
_______________________________________________________________
2. The Government is planning a new road near my house.
_______________________________________________________________
3. My grandfather built this house in 1943.
_______________________________________________________________
4. Picasso was painting Guernica at that time.
_______________________________________________________________
5. The cleaner has cleaned the office.
_______________________________________________________________
6. He had written three books before 1867.
_______________________________________________________________
7. John will tell you later.
_______________________________________________________________
8. By this time tomorrow we will have signed the deal.
_______________________________________________________________
9. Somebody should do the work.
_______________________________________________________________
10. The traffic might have delayed Jimmy.
_______________________________________________________________ 

Passive voice

Exercicis d'ampliació:

I.  Circle the correct answer.

1. Her idea took / was taken for granted.
2. The wind has broken / has been broken their glass door.
3. Italian speaks / is spoken in Switzerland.
4. His book is reading / is being read at the moment in the high society circles.
5. Da Vinci had painted / had been painted Mona Lisa before some of his other famous paintings.
6. Anna Karenina was writing / was written by Tolstoy.
7. The prize will give / will be given to her by the president.
8. We are going to leave / be left alone by our teachers if we change our attitude.
9. Why can’t you tell / be told me the truth?
10. Their brother has employed / has been employed for six years.
11. He gave / was given a present to her.
12. She gave / was given  this present for her wedding anniversary.
13. My bike runs / is run very fast.
14. He knocked down / was knocked down by a bike yesterday.
15. Her house ruined / was ruined in the fire.
16. I don't know anything about building. I will have built my house / will have my house built.
17. Although she is a professional cook, she has all her cakes made / makes  all the cakes.
18. She is a hair-dresser, so she has had her new hair-style done / has done her new hair-style.
19. I didn't go to the post office. I had all the letters sent by my secretary / had sent all the letters.
20. Our son had his bike repaired / repaired his bike. We are so proud of him.

1. Make the following sentences active.

1. Were you told to show your luggage?

_________________________________________________________________

2. Our conversation is being recorded by the police.

_________________________________________________________________

3. The cake will have been taken out of the oven by lunch time.

_________________________________________________________________

4. We are going to be given the handouts by the lecturer.

_________________________________________________________________

5. The word “Croatian” should be written with a capital letter.

_________________________________________________________________

6. Our flight has just been announced.

_________________________________________________________________

7. Opals are mined for in Australia.

_________________________________________________________________

8. The drinks were being served by a handsome bartender.

_________________________________________________________________

9. Several students had been punished by that teacher before the parents were warned about the problem by the authorities.

_________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________

10. The essays are to be handed in at the end of the week.

_________________________________________________________________

2. Make the active sentences passive and the passive ones active.

1. If the television set had been repaired properly, it wouldn’t have broken down again.

_________________________________________________________________

2. Fish fingers don’t have to be defrosted before they are fried.

_________________________________________________________________

3. The bride’s aunt is going to prepare all the food for the wedding reception.

_________________________________________________________________

4. The towels aren’t washed every day by the hotel staff.

_________________________________________________________________

5. His young assistant was counting the leaflets.

_________________________________________________________________

6. Their apartment is being redecorated by a famous interior designer.

_________________________________________________________________

7. The students have not yet used the new laboratory.

_________________________________________________________________

8. The document must have been erased.

_________________________________________________________________

9. Someone ought to have reported it to the principal.

_________________________________________________________________

10. He was believed to have been killed by the terrorists.

_________________________________________________________________

II.                Put the verbs in brackets into the appropriate passive form.

1. The conference was over after the final conclusions __________ (draw).
2. Look at this beautiful lace! Where __________ it __________ (make)?
3. The report __________ (give) next Saturday.
4. What’s going on in your house? __________ it __________ (occupy) by some party goers?
5. The old oak tree __________ (knock) down in the heavy storm yesterday.
6. Jane is not here. She __________  (take) to hospital.
7. I have decided it. I __________  (prepare) well for the final exam next week.
8. It is such an interesting poster! Who __________ it __________ (create) by?
9. They __________ (humiliate) in public for more than two hours before the police finally arrived.
10. I __________  (tell) the whole story. That’s why I can’t judge them.
11. He must __________  (support) by very powerful people during his last campaign.
12. A lot of paintings __________  (steal) last summer, but luckily they have all been found.
13. Who __________The Titanic __________ (direct) by?
14. I have forgotten to do it, but I promise, it __________ (do) in a minute.
15. This coat can’t __________ (wash) in a washing machine.
16. _________________ (injure) in a car accident, she never wanted to drive again.
17. This project has got ______________ (finish) before the end of the month.
18. She loves ___________ (take) to a restaurant.

A day in the life of a dental hygienist

Tooth anatomy

Kinds of teeth:

¢Incisors -Incisors have a  single root. Upper incisors are larger than lower incisors.  

¢Canines -Canine teeth are also called cuspid. They have one large pointed cusp and a very long single root. 

¢Bicuspids -These teeth (especially the upper ones) usually have two obvious cusps. Lower bicuspids just have one root. Upper ones can have one or two. Bicuspid teeth are also called premolars. 

¢Molars -The molars are the largest teeth in the mouth. They have four or five cusps. Upper molars have three roots, lower ones just two.